Gender and Female Aesthetics free essay sample

Womantext, Hard Choice by Sunnie Ododo is a play that uncovers female feel just as indicating the way that the female is all the more normally courageous and various models are appeared to back up this view. The term â€Å"Feminism† has various definitions which include: - According to the Oxford Advanced English Dictionary ,’’ Feminism is the conviction and point that ladies ought to have indistinguishable right and openings from men. It is the in balance that exists between the sexual orientation - Feminism is an assortment of developments planned for characterizing , building up and shielding equivalent political, financial and social rights and equivalent open doors for ladies. The significant women's liberation examination will be talked about under the imagery, pictures of womanhood, Feminism propensities and style, female portrayal. As a matter of first importance the play presents to the customary wedding service between the Igedu ruler in the Yoruba land, and the Emepiri princess, Princess Agingae at the play unfurling. This advancement to the emergency or strife that is, the occasion that caused the burglary of King Iginla the prince’ father’s crown which prompted the confusions that realized reality with regards to the queen’s concealed insider facts as a daring lady. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sexual orientation and Female Esthetics or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The battle that emerges inside the play, additionally includes some portrayal, for example, Chief Ubanga, the predicaments of finding the crown by Bashorun, the passionate phases of the princess whose feelings have been messed with and there by needs the touches of her adoration Prince Oki( page 24). The emergency in the play uplifts as it uncovers some enthusiastic forces, for example, the Queen’s activities and the result of her activities which uncovers the female style in the focal character. This female style will be examined quickly

Brain And Behavior

I accept that human feeling is dictated by the â€Å"hard wiring† of the mind. One genuine model is the criminal goal of specific people. It is really intriguing to realize that anthropological research information shows that viciousness is an inalienable lead among the primate species (Walker, 2001). In the public eye, criminal viciousness is a typical event and officials have recommended that the conduct of crooks be dissected so as to distinguish any mental examples that are reliable among these specific sorts of individuals.In the previous hardly any decades, neurobiologists have suggested that an individual’s condition, which envelops compassion, ethical quality and through and through freedom, is comprehensively impacted by the recurrence of incitement and gathering of the neurons of a person. Such idea is opposing to the idea of Cartesian dualism, which expresses that the cerebrum and the psyche are two free substances that arrange with each other.To date, the ga thering of research reports from the field of neuroscience is step by step influencing the ideas and effectivity of the equity framework on account of the moving in the idea of human conduct and reaction to various improvements. Neuroscience has affected our present comprehension of the different variables that oversee fierce conduct among hoodlums. The nineteenth century great report of Phineas Gage with respect to the counter social conduct that developed after monstrous harm of the prefrontal cortex of his cerebrum from a railroad mishap is currently considered as the introduction of the field of measurable nervous system science (Harlow, 1848).Today, automated imaging of his broke skull has indicated that the autonomic and social nerve frameworks are the particular harms that were influenced, along these lines bringing about an entirely unexpected person. Such perception, along with examine results accumulated from war veterans, has prompted the end that vicious criminal conduct is brought about by wounds to the frontal projection of the mind. It has then been suggested that injury to the prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum causes a condition that has been authored as procured sociopathy or pseudopsychopath (Blair and Cipolotti, 2000).It is fascinating to realize that there is a 11% decrease in the size of the dark matter of the prefrontal cortex among patients determined to have hostile to social character issue (APD) (Raine et al. , 2000). A related perception has likewise been seen among insight and modifications in the dark matter of the prefrontal cortex. The transient flap of the cerebrum has additionally been resolved to impact an individual’s passionate reaction and hostility, wherein sores in the amygdale of the worldly projection bring about an individual’s inability to perceive dread and misery among the essences of others (van Elst et al. , 2001).The association between the diminished articulation of the monoamine oxidase A compound and receptive viciousness has just been set up (Caspi et al. , 2002). Monoamine oxidase An is liable for the catabolism of monoamines, for example, serotonin (5-HT). The working speculation as of now acknowledged is that the prefrontal-amygdala association is changed, bringing about a broken forceful and savage conduct, bringing about guiltiness specifically people. The poise hypothesis as proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) couples a contention with respect to the main impetus behind culpability and the highlights of a criminal act.Gottfredson and Hirschi fight that wrongdoing is like other crazy and unlawful activities, for example, liquor addiction and smoking since it produces in an individual a brief yet quick sentiment of delight. This sort of activity is made by a condition that is portrayed by low discretion. The creators guarantee that the state of having poor poise is an inborn condition that is set up during the youth at around 7 or 8 years old. Comparable to the system behind culpability, the creators clarify that wrongdoing is a direct activity to brings about satisfaction in an individual.Such view of wrongdoing is related with various ramifications to the general hypothesis of wrongdoing. Right off the bat, the general hypothesis of wrongdoing presents that wrongdoing is a simple activity that needn't bother with any key arrangement or complex information. Also, the general hypothesis of wrongdoing is identified with various components that are remembered for the hypothesis of routine exercises in light of the fact that simply like other uncontrolled acts, violations are not arranged and it is simple for people with low confidence to be effortlessly propelled to carry out such acts.In expansion, guiltiness is unequivocally impacted by outer factors, for example, the shortage of obvious objectives just as the nearness of partners that are equipped for aiding or in any event, playing out a criminal demonstration. The hypothesis of wrongdoi ng by Gottfredson and Hirschi with respect to the early age of 7 or 8 likewise involves that the longitudinal investigation of wrongdoing isn't fundamental and that age-related speculations of wrongdoing are confounding. The general hypothesis of wrongdoing of Gottfredson and Hirschi likewise considers the principal contention with respect to age and the unlawful act.It is really not the same as what is introduced at general courses in criminology in regards to the investigation old enough wrongdoing connections and social factors that are identified with wrongdoing. A differentiation of the general hypothesis of wrongdoing of Gottfredson and Hirschi is that the age-wrongdoing linkage is totally different through time, area and culture that the age-wrongdoing connection is superfluous of any social clarification. Their general hypothesis of wrongdoing additionally portrays that crooks keep on performing unlawful demonstrations of wrongdoing in any event, during marriage and inevitab ly end up as unmarried criminals.The same thing goes with guilty parties who are as of now employedâ€these people by and large proceed as guilty parties and the main contrast after some time is that they lose their positions. The general hypothesis of wrongdoing of Gottfredson and Hirschi accordingly presents a contention against the association of wrongdoing with marriage and business consequently demonstrating that a criminal is bumbling in keeping up a relationship in a marriage or a pledge to work since he is ordinarily known as individual of low order of his control.Their introduction of the power behind guiltiness is subsequently centered around discretion and the creators call attention to that most examinations in regards to culpability do exclude this idea. References Blair RJ and Cipolotti L (2000): Impaired social reaction inversion. An instance of ‘acquired sociopathy’. Cerebrum 123:1122â€1141. Caspi A, McClay J, Moffi tt TE, Mill J and Martin J (2002) : Role of genotype in the pattern of savagery in abused youngsters. Science 297:851â€854. Gottfredson MR and Hirschi T (1990): A General Theory of Crime. In: Jacoby JE (ed. ): Classics of criminology, third ed.Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc. Harlow J (1848): Passage of an iron bar through the head. Boston Med Surg J 13:389â€393. Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L and Colletti P (2000) Reduced prefrontal dark issue volume and diminished autonomic movement in introverted character issue. Curve Gen Psychiatry 57:119â€127. van Elst LT, Trimble MR, Ebert D, van Elst LT (2001) Dual cerebrum pathology in patients with full of feeling forceful scenes. Curve Gen Psychiatry 58:1187â€1188. Walker PL (2001): A bioarchaeological point of view on the historical backdrop of brutality. Annu Rev Anthropol 30: 573â€596.

Ode to PNR

Ode to PNR What Im pretty sure next semester will be like. No offense to the great and wonderful institutions that are Princeton and Yale. Without further ado, I present my expression of feelings for the first semester of MIT. Ode to PNR Pretty please Pass/No Record, how I wish you’d come back. I’ll pray, beg, get on my knees, if you think it’s gratitude I lack. Play hard, try really really hard, pressure just to pass. Can’t slack off but can get away with occasionally skipping class, I’m learning the hard way that it’s really not like high school. Surrounded by the weirdos and nerds; it’s no longer uncool. I joined anything and everything and tried miserably to do it all, Getting new emails by the hundreds, on those I really dropped the ball. I found friends to talk with until the wee hours of the night, With my 13.01 class in Procrastination, scheduling was tight. Along those lines, in class, in clubs, in rooms, I often felt like the dunce. I got rejected from a club or two or three, sometimes more than once. I felt like a quitter when I left things I loved to make time for new passions, Struggling to find ever-elusive balance; pj’s and sweats became the new fashion. I’ve done research as a freshmen, a feat considering my veritable lack of skills. Hacked a few buildings and scaled a few walls, all very run of the mill. I found sisters I can wake up and pester at four in the morning, It feels like I’ve found home, I know, how very corny. It’s IAP now, and I am missing the west coast, my family, and home, Trying to make sense of the mysterious workings of code under the big dome. Reflecting on the fast-moving, yet slow-ticking of the MIT clock. Only 3.5 more years of wondering why we still use chalk. So now I guess I’m ready to attempt bigger gulps from the firehose, Without getting drenched, and the snow, well, it really blows. All while getting those dreadful grades again, A’s and more likely B’s throughout, Still, I’m going to love designing toys, experiments, problems without a doubt. I’ll end with a picture of a beautiful sunrise on the Boston skyline, A reminder to stop and smell the flowers, I’m living on cloud nine. Post Tagged #comics

Love In Zora Neale Hurstons Novel - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 581 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/29 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Did you like this example? In Their Eyes Were Watching God, there were many themes represented. One of the major themes in this story was love. This topic affects the characters in many different ways. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Love In Zora Neale Hurstons Novel" essay for you Create order The author, Zora Neale Hurston, begins this book with the readers being captivated by a glimpse of the present before she jumps into a flashback of the main character’s journey. When the readers read each chapter, they meet different characters who will become important later on in the book. We see the strong emotions in these characters come to life in detail by the author. The main character of the novel, Janie, goes through a life journey of learning to know who she is and how to face difficult situations headon. It begins the story from an emotional standpoint. Love can be found very easily by people, but for Janie it was more of a challenge She didn’t end up finding true love until after she had been married twice. Because of that Janie didn’t end up finding true love until she was older. Nanny taught her to protect herself from love so it was much harder for Janie to actually find her true love. Janie does everything that she can to find the love that she actually deserves, with that being said she goes through a few guys just to find it. Having three relationships helped Janie understand life and also helped her learn from those relationships. Janie ended up marrying a man named Logan Killicks because her Nanny had set them up. She hoped that marrying Logan would end her loneliness and that she would love him no matter what. The longer that Janie was married to Logan, the more she couldn’t find anything to love about him. Janie figured out that Logan only wanted her to help him by working on his farm. Basically, Logan treated Janie like his slave and got mad at her if she didn’t work with him. From this relationship, Janie learned that marriage didn’t make love. â€Å"The familiar people and things had failed her so she hung over the gate and looked up the road towards way off. She knew now that marriage did not make love. Janie’s first dream was dead, so she became a woman† (Hurston 25). Janie gets irritated with Logan and decides that it’s time for her to run off. She ends up meeting a man named Joe Starks. Janie was thinking that maybe for once she had actually found true love, something that everyone deserves. Joe and Janie come across a small town named Eatonville. He asks if he can speak to the mayor, but turns out the town does not have one. Joe ends up becoming the mayor of the town. Janie realizes that Joe is just like Logan Killicks, but just in a different way. She realizes that Joe is quite controlling and never wants her to go hangout with her friends and have fun. When things between Janie and Joe start getting worse Janie finally tells Joe that he has been treating her poorly. In this horrendous relationship between them, Janie learns how to finally be herself around others. As Janie is reaching her third relationship, she realizes that Tea Cake is the man of her dreams. When she is with Tea Cake, she has the freedom that she has always wanted. Dating Tea Cake makes it so much easier for Janie to make and have new friends.

A Declaration Of Color Blindness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 780 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/02 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Black Lives Matter Essay Did you like this example? Trayvon Martin was fatally shot by a white police officer on February 26, 2012. The very same officer was acquitted on July 13, 2013 after claiming it was self defense to an all female jury. Following this acquisition, three black organizers created the movement known today as Black Lives Matter, all by creating the new hashtag #blacklivesmatter. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Declaration Of Color Blindness" essay for you Create order Though they officially coined the term, there is no official leader, no rulesheet, just a call to value black lives for what they are human beings. In a world where Black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise, it is an affirmation of Black folks humanity, our contributions to this society, and our resilience in the face of deadly oppression(Khan-Cullors). Yet arguments continue to go around, with another popular hashtag eventually reaching trending called #alllivesmatter. They criticize the black lives matter movement, saying we are all brothers and sisters, that the saying is too narrow. Arent they right? In the end, shouldnt every person be valued the same as the other? Or maybe something else has gone into the slogan of Black Lives Matter, and not them putting their own on a pedestal. The idea that racism no longer exists in America shouldnt even be a thought racing in someones mind, yet people continually believe we could end racism when Jim Crow laws ended. But did we really? If we did, then why, when we hear about someone gets murdered by a police officer, see a black person more often than someone white? People of color represent thirty eight point five percent of the population, but fifty one point five percent of all lives lost in the years 2015-2016(Fox, 2018). Police violence is disproportionately affecting black people, along with Hispanics and people with native American backgrounds. Yet, we have seemingly ended racism so, its just a coincidence, right? We, after all, did elect a black man to become president, so this is obviously a post-racial America. A post racial America where all lives should matter instead of just the ones being disproportionately shot and killed by police officers. Bill Maher expressed that All Lives Matter implies that lives are equally at risk, and theyre not. By saying All Lives Matter, it is an attempt to diminish the ongoing reality of the fact that white supremacy still exists. By saying All Lives Matter, they are silencing those trying to make a difference and take down the unjust that holds racial equality at bay. The All Lives Matter movement is a declaration of color blindness, a declaration of everyone is equal so everyones lives should matter. In a way, they are right. American football player Richard Sherman said I stand by what I said that All Lives Matter and that we are all human beings. In 2017, police shot and killed just short of 1,000 people, tallying in nine hundred eighty-seven people dead at the hands of the officers. White males continued to account for the largest group of people killed while armed with guns or knives, at 330 of those killed. Black males armed with guns or knives were fatally shot in 160 cases last year(Sullivan, Anthony, Tate, Jenkins, 2018.) Seeing as more white men were killed by police, shouldnt all lives matter? Shouldnt everyone be fighting for all lives to be stopped by police brutality. When asked which statement is closest to their own views, 78% of Likely U.S. Voters say all lives matter(Rasmussen 2015) All Lives Matters claims they are not doing an ything wrong, they are just fighting for us all, believing that everyone are brothers and sisters and should be treated equally, no race above another one. For more than four centuries, black people have experienced more hardships than one can imagine, from slavery to civil rights to the continued prejudice against them today. They are standing up for themselves with Black Lives Matter. All Lives Matter is racist. Black Lives matter was never intended to imply that on black lives do matter. None of that is hate for white living. It is about realizing that white people already have privilege and do not need to constantly worried if there is a target on their back. It is about recognizing that while our lives do matter, there are other lives right now, that matter more. There are other lives that have been full of hardship, that need help from others with privilege. By saying All Lives Matter, you are erasing that cry for help. By saying All Lives Matter,you are pretending nothings wrong. Black Lives Matter is saying that they recognize that white lives already do matter. It is a statement of their lives also matter ing. It is saying blac k lives matter, too.

Rose’s Characterization of McCarthyism Free Essays

Rose has used the actions and motives of the jurors as a method of characterising and thus criticising the practise of McCarthyism. A fine example of this is the 3rd juror. A reckless and unrestrained man, he makes accusations against fellow jurors for not siding with his point of view; ‘Listen, you voted â€Å"guilty†, didn’t you? What side are you on? ’ – a direct reflection of the actions adopted by senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Rose’s Characterization of McCarthyism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 3rd juror also wrongly accuses the 5th for changing his vote to ‘not-guilty’ without any evidence to support his conclusion. This further exemplifies the premise of ‘making unfair allegations or using unfair investigative techniques, especially to restrict dissent’. He also verbally attacks those jurors that he perceives as beneath him to further assert his own power or control as well as to discourage any views that are contrary to his own. The 10th juror is also used to reflect another aspect of McCarthyism. He seems almost afraid of those different to him and his speech regarding those born in slums is an example of the paranoia that the practise of McCarthyism can spread. It is also evident that the 3rd and 8th jurors had virtually decided the defendant’s guilt without any reference to evidence and were both very unwilling to concede that a reasonable doubt existed. It is clear that Rose has used the most unreasonable and reckless jurors to characterise McCarthyism in order to condemn its practise and to explore the dangers that similar movements pose to society. Twelve Angry Men as an interpretation of the American Dream Twelve Angry Men explores a national ethos of the United States; the notion that the opportunity for prosperity and success exists for every man regardless of social class or circumstances of birth. This set of ideals is defined as the ‘American Dream’. Rose has used the jurors of the play to demonstrate how the notion of the American Dream can influence the underpinning ideals that society operates upon. For instance, the 8th juror provides an advocate for the principle of equality – the notion that ‘all men are created equal’ regardless of ethnicity or class. This is demonstrated by his sympathy towards the defendant in regards to his difficult upbringing. The 5th juror then provides an example for the American Dream in action. He has been able to create a successful career for himself despite being born in a slum. Rose has used him to support the premise that social mobility can be achieved despite a disadvantaged upbringing through a willingness to work hard. The 10th juror is then used to represent those who attempt to undermine the values of equality that are explicitly rendered within the dream by continually distinguishing himself from ‘them’. The 3rd juror also exemplifies someone who has achieved material success (not necessarily internal fulfilment) through a willingness to work hard and strive forwards. The consumerist culture that has been facilitated by the American Dream has also been represented by Rose – in the form of the 12th juror. Attached to the 3rd and 12th jurors is the notion that the focus of the dream has shifted to material ownership rather than personal progress or contentment, that success is only defined in terms of money. It is the evident unhappiness of the 3rd juror which details that material possession certainly does not guarantee intrinsic fulfilment. The methodical criticism of seemingly solid facts by the 8th juror highlights a transition from concrete to intangible. Rose has done this to demonstrate that not everything is as certain as it first seemed and in turn this can be applied to the seemingly impermeable institution of the American Dream. The overriding prejudices of many in the jury room shows that hard work may not guarantee success and social class or race can have an impact on individuals perceptions of others. This exemplifies the pessimistic belief that the American wealth structure perpetuates long-standing racial and class inequalities embedded in American society. This is in contrast to the idealistic view that a 1950’s America presented a frontier for egalitarian societies. Thus Rose has debased the belief that obtaining wealth is necessary in achieving one’s dreams. How to cite Rose’s Characterization of McCarthyism, Papers

Over The Years, Many People Have Believed That The Issue Of Sexual Ess

Over the years, many people have believed that the issue of sexual harassment should not be discussed in public. Sexual harassment was to be discussed behind closed doors. In spite of this, the social and political systems have changed instantaneously. This social problem has affected men and women throughout time, however, it seems that the women of our society more closely look at this issue. This social topic has encouraged women to establish organizations in order to help them discuss the issues more openly and to demand equality including fairness and justice throughout the workplace and in their social lives as well. In recent years, sexual harassment has been one of the most serious and widespread problems found in the workplace. For this reason, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed, by the United Nations in 1948, to help everyone in their fight for self-respect and dignity. Indeed sexual harassment is an issue that complicates employment decisions. People also recognize that it is an issue involving the creation of an antagonistic or offensive work environment. In many instances, the issue of sexual harassment is not something minor that can be easily solved. The issue of sexual harassment pertains to everyone's apprehension of an individual's comportment due to our societal social norms. Sexual harassment, in most cases, involves a superior's behavior towards a subordinate. As mentioned before, most forms of sexual harassment occur in the workplace. An employee can charge an employer with sexual harassment as a result of the misconduct of managers, fellow employees, vendors, and even customers. Eventually, this can cause a hostile work environment. 3 It is true, for the most part, that sexual harassment comes in many forms in the workplace. There are two significant ways in which one can identify sexual harassment. They are called the "Quid Pro Quo" and the "Hostile Environment Harassment." The essence of the Quid Pro Quo theory of sexual harassment occurs when an employee is confronted with sexual demands to keep her job or obtain a promotion. This is a true violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which is also referred to as the Title VII Act. Even though sexual harassment by its very nature is complicated to define, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission provides a general description of sexual advances. The several basic varieties of the Quid Pro Quo harassment indicate the unwelcome sexual advances and requests for sexual favors. It also consist of other verbal or physical conducts dealing with a sexual nature of constituting sexual harassment when the submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly just because a term or a condition of an individual's employment. Secondly, the individual is used as a basis for employment decisions affecting such individual. Finally, the result of such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment. (Aggarwal, 89-93) Another form of sexual harassment is a hostile work environment. The hostile environment theory involves sexual advances between the supervisor and the employee. An employee's work performance will be less effective due to these so-called sexual advances. However, a victim can file a complaint against their harasser so that they do not continuously force them to participate. Consequently, they will be forced to hand in their resignation. This issue of power has nothing to do with sex. For this reason, both 4 male and females can be the harasser. The harasser's main purpose is to force another to feel or act in a certain way. Sometimes, sexual harassment causes an individual from effectively performing his/her job. As a result, is undermines an individual's dignity. In our society, there are three essential factors that relate to the issue of sexual advances. These elements are a divergence of perceptions, the complexity of human behavior and the attitudes of a sexist. (Lindemann, 46-48) It is often difficult to draw a line between what is acceptable and what is unacceptable in a working environment because of the existence of these ingredients. Sexual harassment is a form of discrimination, which can manifest itself in terms of physical and psychological acts. Physically, the recipient may be the victim of pinching, grabbing, hugging, patting, leering, brushing against and forms of touching. Psychological harassment can occur through the proposal of physical intimacy by requesting dates and sexual favors. In 1964, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act was established, by various state legislation, to prohibit sex discrimination in the working environment. After a decade of the enactment of Title VII, the Supreme Court confronted its first case, Barnes vs. Train, which pertained

How Is the ACT Scored

How Is the ACT Scored SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re beginning to study for the ACT,you’re probably wondering how the ACT is scored. Understanding the ACT scoring system can give you a huge leg up as you set goals and make a study plan. Read on to learn how the ACT is scored, section by section, with official ACT scoring charts. We also include our five top strategies related to ACT scoring so you can use this information to your advantage. Overview of ACT Scoring So how is the ACT scored? The ACT has four sections, sometimes called subject areas: English, Math, Reading, and Science. Each subject area is given a scaled score between 1 and 36. Those area scores are then averaged into your composite score, which also ranges between 1 and 36. So where do those scaled scores come from? The scaled scores from 1 to 36 are converted from your raw scores on each of the subject areas. Your raw score is simply the total number of questions you answer correctly in each section. There is no point deduction for wrong answers on the ACT. How Are Raw ACT Scores Turned Into Scaled Scores? The first thing to understand about ACT scores is that the score you get for each subject area, between 1 and 36, is a scaled score. That scaled score is converted from your raw score. The reason the ACT (as well as other standardized tests) uses scaled scores is to make sure their scores are consistent across multiple test dates. In other words, they have to make sure a 28 on an April ACT represents the same level of skill as a 28 on a June ACT. Scaling is not curving your score relative to the scores of other students who take the test the same day as you.What scaling does is analyze average scores for each version of the ACT to ensureno test date is easier or harder than another. The ACT provides a table in their Preparing for the ACT guide that estimates how certain raw scores will translate into scaled scores on each section of the ACT. Via Preparing for the ACT. However, the process of scaling means that on different editions of the ACT, raw scores can translate to scaled scores differently. In other words, these numbers aren’t set in stone, but they can give you an idea of what raw score to shoot for on each section. How Is My Composite ACT Score Computed? To recap, we know that you get a score of between 1 and 36 for each subject area, which is converted from your raw score. But how do those four area scores combine to your final composite score? Your composite score is simply the average of your four area scores, rounded up to the nearest whole number (half a point or more is rounded up, less than half a point is rounded down). For example, say you got a 24 on the Math section, 23 on Science, 26 on Reading, and 25 on English. Your composite score would be: (24 + 23 + 26 + 25) / 4 = 24.5 This would be rounded up to 25. What Are the ACT Subscores? In addition to your main composite score and your four subject area scores, the ACT also gives you subscores in three of the four subject areas. English, Math, and Reading all have subscores, which give you more information about your strengths and weaknesses in each subject. Subscores range from 1 to 18, and they are also scaled from your raw score. However, there is no direct relationship between your subscores and your final scaled score (for example, your subscores do not add up to your scaled score). Your subscore just gives you more information about your performance and where you might want to improve. Should you worry about these? No. Colleges care most about your composite score on the ACT, and they will also look at your four subject area scores. However, you can use the ACT’s subscores to help you prepare for the test since they break the subject areas down into manageable categories. To help with that process, we are going to break down each section of the ACT. ACT Section Breakdown In this section, you will learn how many raw points are possible on each section of the ACT, what the subscores are, and how scores are calculated. English The English section of the ACT has 75 multiple-choice questions, meaning the highest raw score you can earn is 75. Remember that your raw score is just the total number of questions you answer correctly. Questions you leave blank or answer incorrectly are simply not added on to your raw score. The subscores on the English section are for Usage/Mechanics (40 questions) and Rhetorical Skills (35 questions). For more on what these questions are like, see our guide. To give a scoring example, say you answer 55 questions correctly on the English section, get 15 wrong, and leave 5 blank. Your raw score will be 55, the total amount of questions you got right. Using ACT’s table above, we can estimate that araw score of 55 would get a scaled score of 23. Mathematics The Math section of the ACT has 60 questions total, meaning the highest possible raw score is 60. The subscores are given for Pre-Algebra/Elementary Algebra (24 questions), Intermediate Algebra/Coordinate Geometry (18 questions) and Plane Geometry/Trigonometry-based problems (18 questions). For more on the Math section’s content, see our guide. Say you got 45 questions right, 12 wrong, and left 3 blank. Your raw score would be 45, which ACT estimates would scale to a 27. Reading The Reading section has 40 questions total, so your highest raw score here is 40. The subscores are given for Social Studies/Natural Sciences reading skills (20 questions) and for Arts/Literature reading skills (20 questions). For more detailed info on the reading section, see our guide to ACT Reading. Science The science section has 40 questions total, like the reading section, so the highest raw score here is 40. It is the only ACT section that does not have subscores, though it still has three distinct question types: data representation, research summaries, and conflicting viewpoints. For more on science section content, check out our guide. What If I Take the ACT Plus Writing? In addition to the four subject areas, it's also possible to take the ACT with an additional writing section. The writing section is not another multiple-choice section – it’s just the ACT with an essay added on. So how is the essay scored, and how will it affect your composite score?Your essay will be evaluated by two graders, who score your essay from 1-6 on each of four domains, leading to scores out of 12 for each domain. Your Writing score is calculated by averaging your four domain scores, leading to a total ACT Writing score from 2-12. Next, the ACT will combine your essay score with your English and Reading sections score and average them to give you an English/Language Arts subscore between 1 and 36. So does the writing score change your composite score? No. Your composite score is still just the average of the four multiple-choice sections. The essay gives more information about your writing skills, but does not affect your overall ACT score. So why take the ACT with Writing? Some colleges (especially top-tier ones) require the ACT be taken with Writing.If you’re not sure which version of the test to take, check the websites of the colleges you are interested in. They will list what standardized testing they require on their admissions checklists. If you took the ACT Plus Writing in or before June 2015, check out the table below to see how English test scaled scores are combined with the essay score for the overall writing subscore. Again, this is an estimate from an older edition of Preparing for the ACT, and the numbers could shift around slightly based on your test date. Via ACT.org How To Use This Information So now that you know how the ACT is scored, how can you use that info to get the biggest advantage on the test? Read on for our top five suggestions. #1: Hide a Weak Subject Since the ACT is averaged, not totaled, and there are four sections, you can "hide" a weak section more easily than on the SAT, which has three sections and totals your score. For example, say you struggle with math and got the following subject area scores on the ACT: Reading: 30 English: 29 Science: 31 Math: 22 While you might think your math score is going to drag down your composite, since it is only one-fourth of your score, its effect isn’t huge: (30 + 31 + 29 + 22) / 4 = 28 So even though your math score was a lot lower than the other three sections, you still come out with a 28 (which is, by the way, a 90th percentile score). While we are not recommending you don’t study for a certain section because it’s only one-fourth of your total ACT score, it is helpful to know that each subject area’s score will not make or break your composite. #2: Maximize Your Composite Score Since the composite is averaged, you should work to maximize your subject area scores that you are strong in as well as working to minimize weaknesses. Just focusing on trying to fix your weak spots could actually cause you to miss out on points. For example, say you have always excelled in English and history classes but struggle with math. You might think you should spend all of your ACT studying time drilling math problems. However, working to maximize your strengths – in this case reading and writing – could improve your score the most. Let’s take two scenarios. In the first, you spend all of your time studying for the math section and get the following scores: English: 28 Reading: 27 Math: 25 Science: 26 Composite: 27 Not bad! You got your math score up to a 25, which is just about the 80th percentile, and got a composite of 27, which is in the 87th. But what would have happened if you had spent some time on English and Reading and less time on math? Getting just five more raw points on both the English and Reading sections could have a huge boost to your score. If those are personal strengths, picking up five points should be easy with some smart studying. So let’s say you spend some time on English and Reading and earn five more raw points on each section, and less time on math: English: 33 Reading: 32 Math: 23 Science: 26 Composite: 29 So even if you got a lower score on math, the time spent studying on English and Reading could net you two higher section scores as opposed to just one, resulting in a higher composite. #3: Develop Target Raw Scores Using the ACT’s raw score to scaled score estimates, you can develop target raw scores for each section. This makes studying easier – thinking in terms of raw points is simpler when you are working through practice problems. For example, say you want to break a scaled score of 26 in each section. Looking at the raw-to-scaled-score table, you should aim for at least the following raw scores: English: 60/75 Reading: 31/40 Math: 43/60 Science: 30/40 Now this suggests a strategy - skipping questions. For example, if you're aiming for a raw score of 43 in Math, you can actually completely skip the last ten hardest questions (by bubbling in a random answer) and attempt 50 questions. This gives you more time per question, increasing the chance you will get more of them correct. Plus, even if you still miss seven of them, you'll get your raw score of 43! #4: Guess on Every Single Question - Leave No Bubble Unbubbled Since there is no guessing penalty on the ACT, the best way to maximize your score is to eliminate wrong answer choices and guess. We are not saying to rush through each section in order to answer every single question – as we saw above, you might have a target raw score that’s much lower than the total points possible. In that case, it makes sense to spend more time focusing on fewer questions. What this means is that if you do spend time on a question, even if you are not totally sure of the answer, it’s the best use of your time to eliminate some answer choices to give yourself the best shot at guessing the right answer. Furthermore, when the proctor says there is one minute remaining, go ahead and bubble every blank answer you have remaining. Even if you haven't looked at the question in the book, you aren't losing anything by guessing. You might pick up a raw point or two on each section this way, which can have a surprising effect on your scaled score, as we have seen. Try not to leave any blanks! #5: Understand How the Essay Affects Your Score If you take the ACT with Writing, you'll receive a composite plus your essay score. However, this doesn’t mean the essay should become the biggest priority on your study plan. Your subject area scores and composite score are the most important aspects of the ACT, so you should prioritize studying for the multiple-choice sections. For most colleges, your essay score is the least important part of your ACT score. This means that a low essay score may not have much of a negative impact on your applications if your composite ACT score is high. Don't blow the essay off if you're taking it, but you should prioritize studying for the other sections of the ACT. What's Next? Now that you know how the ACT is scored, get started with actually improving your ACT score. What's a good ACT score for college?Check out our step-by-step guide to figure out your target score. Deciding between the ACT and SAT?Read our detailed guide on which is easier. Are youwondering when you should sign up to take the ACT for the first time? This guide describes the most important considerations to help you choose the best test date for you. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

7 Best Books for a Literature Response Paper

7 Best Books for a Literature Response Paper 7 Best Books for a Literature Response Paper A literary response paper is designed to give your opinion on how a literary piece makes you feel or think. It is your opinion; however, it needs to be based on the facts. You will need to make sure that you really have some considerations about what you are writing. In order to master this essay style, you will need to choose a really good literary piece to produce a decent paper. If you get to choose the topic, which most of the time you do, then you should check out one of these books: Jonathan Franzen’s â€Å"Freedom† This story is about a love triangle between college mates. It is a great choice for a literary response paper because you can make an argument about whether the love is more important than the friendship. Which one is more significant to you and which one is more important for the book characters? F. Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"This Side of Paradise† This one actually works perfect for a college literary response essay. It is about a Princeton student who is very privileged. Upon his graduation, he starts to get a look for what life is really about. He has lived a sheltered life and now he has to start taking care of himself. How is the real world going to be different from the sheltered life? What happens when he finally has to start taking responsibility for his journey and his decisions? Fydor Dostoyevsky’s â€Å"Crime and Punishment† Even if you don’t choose this piece to write on, don’t miss the chance to read it. It is a well-known novel about a man who kills a pawnbroker and then works really hard to justify what he did. It is a beautiful book with so much to write about in a literary response essay. It will challenge your views on your place in society and on the laws and morality. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"The Great Gatsby† However, this may be a tad overused, we couldn’t choose the best seven books without including this one. You could write about a million of literary response essays on this novel without batting an eye. One of the strongest ideas is how Gatsby goes above and beyond building his entire life and persona for Daisy, who doesn’t seem to notice nor really care. He will never get back all of the time he wasted trying to become the person that he thought Daisy would want. We can never get back the past and life is destined to change over time. Embrace the change and learn to love it as much as you loved the things that have happened in the past. It is a brilliant read and a perfect piece for this type of paper. John Milton’s â€Å"Paradise Lost† When you are looking for a little entertainment when creating your paper, this is the ideal pick. There are many topics to discuss. Lucifer, an angel who is arrogant and fell from grace, tempted Adam and Eve into sin. Everyone knows this sequence of events. John Milton lets you take a look at Lucifer’s side of the story. There are so many issues that you can use for your argument. William Golding’s ‘Lord of the Flies† We couldn’t forget this novel. It is about a group of boys who are stuck on an uninhabited island. They have no supervision and create a small, yet divided community. The book captures the essence of being a good leader. This is one of the major themes and you can use this book to discuss whether or not leadership is important. Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† This book is about a girl who grows up learning much about life and the unkindness that comes to the weak, the young, and even to those with different color of skin. As she gets older she learns that these really don’t have anything to do with the type of person that you are. She learns that it is a man’s soul that really matters. Imagine all of the possible topics that you can discuss within this story. These seven books are perfect for this assignment. They are full of controversial thoughts that you can use to write a solid paper on. Plus, we are sure you will enjoy the reads as well.

International Business (MaArketing ORHuman Resource Management) Research Paper

International Business (MaArketing ORHuman Resource Management) strategy of an International Firm - Research Paper Example The modern environment of the business world differentiates the business organizations of the world into the globetrotters and the globe watchers. The globetrotters are the most successful of the organizations where the essence is to target the different markets of the world. The globe watchers on the other hand look to take the advantages of the multinational companies in the production and the marketing process. The development of the globetrotters or the multinational companies depends on the efficiency of the marketing department of the organization to a large extent. The marketing in the other countries depend on the evaluation of the country. The market of the country and its customers are to be analyzed. The analysis of the economic conditions of the country will help in the growth of the company. The marketing department of the globetrotting companies has to evaluate the conditions to be able to exert them in these countries. (Cavusgil, December, 1991). The successful multina tional companies of the world have followed this model in its growth path. The paper will look into the marketing strategies of a well known international company to understand the situation. Coca Cola will be good example in the case of the study. Coca Cola was born in 1886 in Georgia. Dr. John Pemberton is credited with the invention of the drink. However, he was not aware of the potential of the drink and eventually sold it off to Asa Candler. It was under the reign of Candler that Coca Cola achieved iconic status. He was instrumental in the marketing and the advertising of the product. This was done with the help of merchandising of various products. Another important development during his reign was the bottling of the drink. The international expansion of the drink started under Ernest Woodruff and the bottling of the drink soon began in the other parts of the world. In Europe the drink was first bottled in France. Coca Cola became even more

Summary of book Call of The Wild Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of book Call of The Wild - Essay Example In chapter four, Buck takes the pack’s leadership and he demonstrates his capability by making the pack travel faster than the previous leader had done. This is seen when he makes the pack travel from Dawson to Skaguay in one day instead of the ten days they had taken previously. The pack is sold to a Scotsman after Perrault and Francois receives official orders directing them to transfer elsewhere. They travel back to Dawson and one of the dogs dies from fatigue and illness (London 36). In chapter five, the dogs are sold to new masters, Hal and Charles who travel with Charles’ wife Mercedes. The inexperience of the pack’s new masters makes them starve and carry heavier loads than the ones it carried before. The pack reaches John Thornton’s camp and Thornton frees it from Hal’s mastership (London 46). In chapter six, Buck becomes friends with Thornton, defends him from his foes, and helps him win a bet (London 55). In chapter seven, Buck and Thornton travels east to find a lost gold mine. It is here that Buck first enters the woods after feeling wild yearnings. He wanders in the wilderness with wolves and one day, he come back to his master’s camp to finds it attacked by Yeehat Indians. He attacks the assailants, killing some and dispersing the rest. The book closes with Buck going into the woods and joining the wolves in wandering the wilderness (London

CSR For Nestle And MTN

CSR For Nestle And MTN Nestle (a high-income company) and MTN (a low-income company) have different approaches regarding CSR. This report will describe and evaluate those approaches. Introduction This is a brief description of each company highlighting some facts concerning their development. Section one Identifies the different types of stakeholders that the company should consider while mapping its local/global activities. Using the Stakeholder Saliency Model, allocates those stakeholders for both companies, taking into account two things: who has the most/least power in steering the companys decisions and whether or not this stakeholder is interested in CSR initiatives. Two differences have been identified: Nestle: firstly, host governments in developing countries are Dangerous Stakeholders and do not show much interest in CSR; secondly, social organizations, NGOs and the media are Dangerous Stakeholders and in favour of CSR. MTN: firstly, host governments in developing countries are Dominant and show interest in CSR; secondly, social organizations such as NGOs and the media are Demanding and in favour of CSR. The reasons behind this include: Host government in developing countries: corrupt government may find the high-income corporation (Nestle) an enticing opportunity to seize unlike MTN. Moreover, MTN which originated in a developing country, has a great deal of experience with such governments. Social Organization: MTN does not have a negative direct impact on peoples lives, unlike Nestle. Also MTN is not recognized globally while Nestle is since MTN operates only in developing countries while Nestle operates globally. Section two In this section the report answers the following: whether CSR initiatives adopted by both companies increased/decreased over time, and also who was behind the changes and why they occurred. It was found that both companies have increased their CSR initiatives especially in the globalization era for Nestle, and particularly since the 1970s as many social organizations emerged and FDI occurred in that period. Section three The report shows how authors classify the stakeholders perspective in different ways: some classify them according to the local economic situation; others in a developing countrys context; others classify the social and environmental issues depending on regions. A Ponte et al typology using four approaches (engaged/disengaged, proximate/distant) is applied to the above classifications. An analysis was made with the following results: There are many perspectives which support CSR initiatives and argue that those initiatives are good for business, especially the engaged approaches, and they support their argument with evidence. They are also good for society whether the approaches are engaged or disengaged. At the other end of the spectrum, there are many who do not agree with the benefits brought by CSR initiatives and believe it is bad for business and useless for society. II. Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyse, compare and contrast the socially responsible approach of two multinational companies (Nestle and MTN). This will be approached in the following order: firstly, a brief description for each company will be provided; secondly, the report will allocate the stakeholders using the stakeholder saliency model for each company showing the similarities and differences. This will be followed by a brief description regarding the changes of CSR approach for both companies and the reasons for these changes. The third section includes a critical analysis of both approaches using Ponte et al typology and two contrasting viewpoints. Finally, a conclusion sums up the findings showing the future of CSR for both companies. III. Brief History with some facts regarding CSR, Nestle  [1]  , It was in the 1860s when a pharmacist Henri Nestle developed a food formula for those infants who experienced problems in breastfeeding. This welcome innovation from Nestle is now sold all over the world (Nestle History, 2009). Some facts about the company include: 1905-to date: Healthy growth in general with some periods of struggle with a lot of mergers and acquisitions, one of the most important being with Movenpick Ice Cream. 1970s-1980s: Heavy attacks from social organizations and individuals for the unethical marketing activities encouraging mothers in the developing world to use its products instead of breastfeeding. (Douglas,1986) 1998 Nestlà © Corporate Business Principles was produced and updated to include the principles of the UN Secretary Generals Global Compact: Labour Standard, Human rights, the Environment (Nestle report, 2001) Creating the Shared Value scheme for a healthier world in the 21st century. (CSV mission, 2009) MTN Group  [2]  , Founded in 1994, MTN Group is a telecommunication company; it services in 21 countries across Africa and the Middle East. (MTN Report 1 and 2, 2009). 2007: MTN was the best tax payer for the year ending 2005/2006 in many African countries.(MTN History, 2007) 2007: Established the Corporate Social Responsibility Foundation. .(MTN History, 2007) 2009: According to management consulting firm Oliver Waymans annual State of the Industry report, MTN achieved the fourth place among the top 60 global performers in terms of its shareholder performance index (SPI) at the end of 2008 with total revenue of 102,526 million rand  [3]  , (MTN Report 1and 2, 2009 ). IV. Section one: Corporate social responsibility: CSR is the commitment by the company to behave ethically with its stakeholders and to fulfil all obligations of minimizing any harm and maximizing the benefits for society, humanity and the environment and that includes commitments by companies to contribute to social development and enhance the standard of peoples lives  [4]  . Stake holder Identification: According to many authors Mercier (1999), Freeman (1984), Donaldson and Preston (1995), stakeholders are usually all those groups or individuals that may affect or be affected by the organizations daily working process, and also include all those who could have shares or interests in the same organization (Cited in Perqueux, 2004.P:6). From the definition given above it could be interpreted that organizations should classify their stakeholders interests and power in a way that brings satisfaction because they will be assessed and evaluated by them in the future, and that what Rossouw and Sison (2006, p41) argued for when they described the corporations as a nation state is that they must be honest with its citizens otherwise they will be overthrown. From the two definitions mentioned above and by using the Stakeholder Saliency Model, this report will now show two things at the same time. The first is to show who stakeholder has the most or least effect in mapping the business activities, and second to what extent this allocated stakeholder is CSR driver for both companies showing the similarities and differences. An explanation for these will be provided. Nestle Power Discretionary Stakeholder: other inter-national institutions e.g. IMF, World Bank Dominant Stakeholder. Dangerous Stakeholder: Governments in developing countries, social organizations, NGOs, media. Demanding Stakeholder: people Definitive Stakeholder: Main Shareholders Dormant Stakeholder: Shareholders (Minority interest) Depending Stakeholder Legitimacy Urgency MTN Power Discretionary Stakeholder: other Inter-national Institutions such as IMF, World Bank Dominant Stakeholder: Government in developing countries Dormant Stakeholder: Shareholders (Minority interest) Demanding Stakeholder: Social organizations, NGOs, media. Dangerous Stakeholder Definitive Stakeholder: Main Shareholders Depending Stakeholder Legitimacy Urgency . The main similarities: Main Shareholders (Definitive Stakeholders with fake CSR ): As they supply the organization with the funds needed to build up capital, thus they have the right to vote, control and change the corporate structure if required, Mantyssari (2005), and that would have a substantial influence in mapping the companys business activities and other activities related to CSR. The following example shows how Nestles first priority is its shareholders and how Nestle manipulates the CSR approach. This happened when it announced the intention to transform Nestle into the worlds leading wellness organization to promote healthy eating by people through providing functional food instead of its ordinary range, spending SFr 2 billion on research and development in 2008. However, many experts point out that there is no substantial evidence that eating functional food makes people healthier. Lausanne and Vevey (The Economist, 2009. p39-95) indicate also to the reasons behind that by showing that in America the growth of functional foods between 2002-2007 was 15.8% a year while ordinary foods was only 2.9% suggesting profit was the main driver nothing else. The same is applicable in MTN regarding definitive shareholders, especially when looking closely at their annual report (2008 p172), showing the percentage of share capital, equal to 25%, was owned only by 8 shareholders, so this group of 8 has the majority portion of power to direct the company activities in the way they prefer, which is making profits. Minority interest Shareholders (Dormant Stakeholders with no effects on CSR): they do not have the enough power to steer the company in the responsible direction nether on its policy IMF, World Bank, WTO (Discretionary Stakeholders with a neutral position regarding CSR): through their regulation and requirements and conditionality they open new routes for investing. However, that does not oblige the MNCs to invest nor to participate in social responsibility initiatives. The main differences: Host governments in developing countries are Dangerous Stakeholders and do not show too much interest in CSR for Nestle, while they are Dominant and show interest in CSR for MTN) Jones (2005, p:9) pointed out that host governments use a lot of subsidies to attract foreign organizations, such as low custom tariffs or free capital movement in order to overcome difficulties (poverty, diseases, deathà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Applying this to the selected companies: Nestle: this type of stakeholder should be allocated under Dangerous for many reasons. Nestle lacks experience in dealing with developing governments policies. Another reason is that kleptocratic government may find the high-income corporation (Nestle) an enticing opportunity to seize. For example: the BBC announced in December 2002 that Nestle was trying to persuade the Ethiopian government to pay USD 6 million instead of 1.5 million as compensation for nationalizing one of its subsidiaries in Ethiopia. This example shows how the Ethiopian government took possession of Nestlà ©s subsidiary without any previous notice or consultation. MTN: originally from SA, and all of its investments are located in Africa and the ME (developing countries). It has a great deal of experience with such governments so do not need to put it under Dangerous stakeholders unlike Nestle. But even though MTN has put governments under the Dominant category MTN has to comply with the King codes in South Africa  [5]  which include very strict rules regarding CSR initiatives in order be listed in JSE securities exchange and to be accepted by the government and society. (Institute of Directors in South Africa, 2009) Social organizations, NGOs, Media are Dangerous Stakeholders and in favour of CSR for Nestle, while Demanding and in favour of CSR for MTN: Nestle: Because of the nature of the business of Nestle (covering world-wide and working in the field of nutrition), it may be found that a lot of social organizations along with the media always attack it aggressively, especially if they discover the unethical approach of its social responsibility, pushing it to make more and more effort in the field of CSR. For example: the General Synod of the Church of England called for a ban on Nestle and asked Church commissioners to disinvest their GBP 1.1 million in it. Moreover in 1974 the British charity War on Want released a leaflet The Baby Killer criticising Nestle for the bad effects of its marketing strategies in Africa. (Kotler et al. 2009) MTN: However, there are many examples showing MTN has a good reputation among those organizations who praise its efforts to serve the people and bring prosperity to society. For example, South Africa media (South Africa info, 2008) praised MTN when it declared its intention, along with other operators, to establish a fibre network across the Sub Saharan centres in an effort to meet the soaring needs of their subscribers and connect the African continent with the rest of the world. The reason for this approval is because MTN does not have a negative direct impact on peoples lives, unlike Nestle. Also MTN is not recognized globally as Nestle is since it operates only in developing countries. V. Section two: This report will now answer the following question which way is the CSR changing and what are the main causes for this? In 1869 Henri Nestle said: During the first few months, the mothers milk will always be the most natural nutriment, put promoted Nestle products as a substitute. However, in 2007 Nestle stated that Nothing is a substitute for or equivalent or superior to breast milk Kotler et al. (2009). These two statements raise two questions: the first one is Did Nestle admit the guiltiness about its previous promotion?; secondly, If yes, then who was behind it? Actually to answer these questions, we have to consider that through Nestle growth, a lot of pressure and outside forces have pushed the company to change its attitude towards satisfying its stakeholders and make responsible efforts rather than only profit. Blowfield and Murray (2008, p:41-66) claim that the relationship between business and society changed through three eras: the industrial revolution, the mid-twentieth-century welfare state and globalization. Furthermore, through these eras there was a shift in corporate social responsibility, from a theoretical concerned with normative behaviour of the organization, to CSR as management practice, especially in the 1970s. Ackerman and Bauers (1976 cited in Blowfield et al, 2008) argue also that what a company can do to respond to social expectation rather than theoretical ideas of what it should do is what matters. This is reflected in public confidence over the years (see Appendix 1) which suggests public confidence began to incre ase in the late 1970s with a slight decrease in 1991. (Source: Frederick 2006) In relation to the two companies in this study, it may be that Nestle actually took into consideration social responsibility after the harsh boycott in the 1970s when it learnt a lot from that lesson and started to increase its commitment to society and allocated social organizations and media as dangerous stakeholders. MTN is a relatively new company established only in the 1990s, which could be viewed as the globalization era so has a high standard of CSR knowledge (King I, II, III code). Thus, it could be concluded that there was an increase in CSR initiatives owing to greater awareness among stakeholders, especially over the last three decades, and that increase was related directly to globalization and its characteristics such as free trade, rises in FDI in developing countries, soaring demands of the media and the NGOs. VI. Section Three: This section will be divided into three parts: Analysis of the different stakeholders perspective approaches, Depending on the outcome of the first part, the report will use Ponte et al typology to allocate the approach of both companies. A further analysis of these approaches will be conducted using two contrasting viewpoints. Many authors classify the stakeholders perspective in different ways. Some classify them according to the local economic situation such as Cannon (1994) by giving five types of societies which need different reactions from the business to help the economy out of the crisis: the high-stress environment (suffering from long time economic downturn), structurally disadvantaged areas (business in remote areas), the crisis zone, the transitional zone (change of the importance of industry in same area), and the powerhouse industry that used to drive the main local growth and now facing high competition from others. Other authors such as Hamann et al (2005) explore the stakeholders perspective in a developing countrys context when they pointed out some realities to be considered in achieving a successful CSR in South Africa: first, a long history of poverty and inequality: second, the need for effective CSR to destroy the bad image of exploitation and racism created by companies over a long period in those countries; third, the suppression of black economic empowerment which mostly comes from corruption: fourth, the need to enhance social aspects such as human rights and democracy. Others classify the social and environmental issues depending on the regions, showing the different CSR requirements among countries and they emphasise that each region needs its own CSR initiatives. For example, the USA needs to address renewed calls for nuclear power and to deal with air pollution, while some African countries need more concentration in improving the infrastructure and solving the conflicts between tribes and governments (PWC, 2006; Ethical Corporation, 2006 cited in Blowfield Murray,2008) (see appendix 2 for more details). Using the above mentioned methods, now Ponte et al typology can be used to allocate initiative approaches used by Nestle and MTN: Company Engaged CSR activities the factory and farmer scheme in China which has direct impact on company operations since it eliminates the suppliers and at the same time gives the farmers technical support. (Nestle China, 2009) Disengaged CSR initiatives: Nestle Nigeria along with the Red Cross started an initiative, an educational programme in 2003 to increase the awareness of HIV among people in Nigeria (Nestle Nigeria, 2009) Distant CSR activities the factory and farmer example in China, because the farmers are not one of Nestlà ©s workforces they are a separate entity and might be paid low prices for their milk supply. (Nestle China, 2009) Proximate CSR activities: Nestle creates job opportunities. It has now more than 265,000 employees worldwide from 100 different countries. (Nestle, 2009) Engaged and Proximate: the EcoShape bottle produced by Nestle North America in 2007. This example could be regarded as an engaged activity since it reduces the bad effects on the environment (will reduce the CO2 emission by 356,000 tons within three years) and at the same time it is proximate because it is closely related to the company operations (since it impacts on the environment in the same location as its operations). (Nestle America, 2009) -Engaged CSR activities: the Environmental Management System is one of MTNs policies to reduce the production waste by recycling and encouraging the employees to act socially responsible. (MTN Environmental Policy, 2009) Disengaged CSR initiatives: Arts and Aids awareness educational program for communities, conducted by the MTN foundation and regarded as a totally disengaged scheme carried out by MTN. (MTN SA foundation, 2009) Distant CSR activities: No distant CSR initiatives found. -Proximate CSR activities: the Arts and Aids awareness educational program could be regarded as a proximate CSR scheme since MTN originally operated in Africa and the Middle East. (MTN SA foundation, 2009) Engaged and Proximate: the 21 days of Yello care started in 2007. This scheme of 21 days gives the opportunity for MTNs employees to directly engage with the CSR initiatives programme with a prize as a reward at the end of this scheme for the best team. One team was rewarded for building a small pedestrian bridge. (MTN Yello, 2009) Now, the report will analyse the Ponte et al typology mentioned above showing two contrasting viewpoints: In favour of CSR: Good for business when (Engaged whether Proximate or Distant): Porter and Kramer (2006, p:83) indicate that working in a healthy society will keep the company healthy (health care for the workforce) and also supply it with a competitive advantage (efficient use of resources: water, land) and all of these will be achieved by Integrating Business and Society through CSR activities. Other authors praise the role of CSR in marketing and this could be applied in bringing a bright image to the company and to some extent increase its sales Hardeep and Sharma (2006). For example, Ogrizek (2002) said: There are clear and concrete market-driven benefits and competitive advantages for companies, which integrate their business policies with CSR. In respect of the two companies in question there are a lot of initiative approaches for both companies from their websites which all could be regarded as marketing tools and green sheen attempts (the new brand of Nestle: Nescafe Green blend). Good for society when (Engaged whether Proximate or Distant): advocators of this model argue that governments in the developing countries on their own cannot meet the increasing demands of the society and development requirements and this is actually what Samuel et al (2009.p394) found when they conducted research in Nigeria showing how CSR initiatives being carried out by 22 organizations complement government efforts to build up a stable economy. Furthermore, this perspective is also supported by the neo-liberalism theory in which many authors stress that only business and free markets can sustain the individual rights, society and the environment (Burchell, 1996, Barry et al 1996, Peter and Olssen 2002 cited in Zajda, 2009 p:15). No one could deny that Nestle creates job opportunities for 265,000 employees worldwide from 100 different countries and also that MTN donated about 1.5 Rand million to buy clothes with the help of the Red Cross in South Africa in response to attacks by f oreign nationals in 2008 (MTN SA foundation, 2009). At the economy level, The Economist (1999) emphasized the contribution of MTN as a mobile company in bringing the poor and isolated into the global economy. Opposed to CSR: Bad for business when (Disengaged): advocators for this approach are usually those who argue in favour of shareholder interests and indicate that the main objective of any company is only to maximize the shareholders value and minimize any kind of expense. That becomes very clear when Lawrence (1999) describes how the company should create a value management system in five steps in order to achieve the shareholder value, neglecting any component related to non-profit activities because it just an expense. Also, as mentioned earlier in this report, Mantyssari (2005) describes the shareholders as the heart of the business who supply it with the funds needed for the daily operations, so managers have to keep them satisfied by a high level of yield. Furthermore, some say that CSR is not only waste of money but also it distracts the managers from focusing on their real duties since effective CSR, which is not only a charity cheque, needs special talent and efforts, and that is also emphasized by Porter and Kramer (2006, p:91) when they argue that organizational adjustment that matches good CSR initiatives is what matters more than kind intentions. Useless for society and development (Criticizing all Ponte et al approaches): many protestors criticise the effects caused by MNCs activities all over the world since their negative effects outweigh their CSR initiatives. They think whatever the companies do for the societies is only a green sheen. For instance, Nestle is proud of itself, saying it always provides work opportunities for people, indicated that 97% of their workforces are distributed all over the world The Economist (1997.p153). However, for Corpwatch (2005) the truth is it exploits the workers in an awful manner and Corpwatch complained that 286,000 children work as slaves in the Ivory Coasts cocoa farms (90 hours a week with very low wages) and point out that Nestle is the third largest importer of cocoa from the Ivory Coast. Also it could be argued from bad for business angle as there is general agreement that if CSR is not focused and organized it will often come to nothing or may sometimes have harmful results. VII. Conclusion: From this report, a lot of findings can be drawn by analysing the corporate social responsibility approaches for Nestle and MTN. This report started by showing the importance of the different types of stakeholders that try to steer the companys activities in the way they desire, whether in a business or CSR approach. Using the Stakeholders Saliency Model these stakeholders have been allocated and two major differences were found. The first one is, Governments in developing countries where Nestle operate should be put under Dangerous stakeholder since they lack experience in dealing with such governments and the high-income corporation could also be seen an enticing opportunity to be seized. However, MTN (a low-income company) is the opposite case since it originated in such an environment. The other main difference between them is the danger of social organizations for Nestle such as NGOs and the media since it works globally and works in the field of nutrition, hiring people from po or countries, so may be targeted by such institutions. In contrast, MTN does not have a direct impact on peoples lives and is not recognized globally like Nestle since it operates only in developing countries. The report then analysed and evaluated the CSR approaches for both companies using Ponte et al typology to allocate them in four dimensions, engaged/disengaged, distant/proximate. It was found Nestle and MTN use all of them except for MTN which did not use distant CSR initiatives. The report attempted to answer the question which stakeholders were satisfied and which were not, no matter what type of approach was adopted, by contrasting two points of view (with and against CSR) and arguing them in four different aspects. Through the analysis of the aspect Useless for society, it was found some organizations and institutions are still not satisfied by the CSR initiatives and need deeper indicators, going beyond the basics and taking into account the real influences on the surroundings. Regarding the future of CSR, some authors such as Murray and Blowfield (2008, p:365-369) emphasised that the context analysis such as the mega trends (climate change, demographic change, poverty) will be no less important than simply examining the CSR approaches taken by the company.

Argumentative Essay Abortion Essay

Our world today is full of unsolved and controversial issues. Most of them relate to our morals, ethics and religion, thus creating a very strong yes and no, or good and bad side. Abortion has a very outstanding black and white side but also contains traces of each in the alternating colour. This shows that if you were to come to any kind of conclusion on abortion, there would still be a downside to it, and that is primarily why the world cannot agree on this sensitive and emotional issue. An abortion is when the pregnancy is ended so that it does not result in the birth of a child. It allows women to put an end to their pregnancies, but involves killing the undeveloped embryo or fetus. For this reason, it is a very controversial subject. Being pregnant and wishing you weren’t is probably the worst feeling a woman can have. Knowing that if you brought a child into the world and you didn’t want it, or you would have to give it up for adoption is such a disheartening way to start off, and you and the un-born child would be so much better off if you were to terminate the pregnancy and wait for a more appropriate time, or in the case of rape, put the past behind you and move on. When we hear of women having abortions, we seem to automatically think that she wasn’t careful enough, or she didn’t use contraception. We forget to stop and think about the other possible reasons, she may have accidentally become pregnant. Just forgetting to take one pill per packet can reduce it’s effectiveness. Condoms can tear or be forgotten, and emergency contraceptives like the morning after pill are not easily obtainable. 50% of women getting an abortion in Britain used some form of contraception when they got pregnant. This obviously shows that women are having huge problems with using contraception, and something needs to be done about it. This also means that we can’t judge people immediately. Women are still getting pregnant even though they use contraceptives. I think that women have the right to get an abortion if they tried to prevent the pregnacy. My thesis is: Abortion should be legalized. Arguments: 1. Personhood begins at birth, not at fertilization,. 2. Fetuses are incapable of feeling pain when an abortion is performed. 3. An association between abortion and breast cancer is unsubstantiated. Counter arguments: 1. Abortion involves killing a human being 2. Fetuses feel pain during the abortion procedure 3. Abortion increases the likelihood that women will develop breast cancer Refutation of the counter argument: 1. A lot of people have the counter argument â€Å"abortion is murder†. That’s not true, abortion is the termination of a pregnancy, not a baby. Personhood at fertilization, is not a proven biological fact. To think that personhood starts at fertilization is a religious belief, nor a provable fact. 2. According to Stuart W. G. Derbyshire, PhD, Senior Lecturer at the University of Birmingham (England), â€Å"not only has the biological development not yet occurred to support pain experience, but the environment after birth, so necessary to the development of pain experience, is also yet to occur.† 3. The National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists have all refuted the reliability of studies claiming abortion can lead to a higher probability of developing breast cancer. 1. Stuart W. G. Derbyshire, PhD, â€Å"Can Fetuses Feel Pain?,† British Medical Journal, Apr. 29, 2006 2. Planned Parenthood of New Jersey, â€Å"Anti-choice Claims About Abortion and Breast Cancer,† Sources used in this report: http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7546/909 http://www.debate.org/abortion-debate/ http://www.patheos.com/blogs/rogereolson/2013/07/questions-about-both-sides-of-the-abortion-debate/ http://www.rfsu.se/Sex-och-politik/Fokus-SRHR/Ratten-till-abort/ www.plannedparenthoodnj.org

The Different Meanings and Uses of Economic Efficiency

Generally speaking, economic efficiency refers to a market outcome that is optimal for society. Â  In the context of welfare economics, an outcome that is economically efficient is one that maximizes the size of the economic value pie that a market creates for society. Â  In an economically efficient market outcome, there are no available Pareto improvements to be made, and the outcome satisfies what is known as the Kaldor-Hicks criterion. More specifically, economic efficiency is a term typically used in microeconomics when discussing production. Production of a unit of goods is considered to be economically efficient when that unit of goods is produced at the lowest possible cost. Economics by Parkin and Bade give a useful introduction to the difference between economic efficiency and technological efficiency: There are two concepts of efficiency: Technological efficiency occurs when it is not possible to increase output without increasing inputs. Economic efficiency occurs when the cost of producing a given output is as low as possible.Technological efficiency is an engineering matter. Given what is technologically feasible, something can or cannot be done. Economic efficiency depends on the prices of the factors of production. Something that is technologically efficient may not be economically efficient. But something that is economically efficient is always technologically efficient. A key point to understand is the idea that economic efficiency occurs when the cost of producing a given output is as low as possible. Theres a hidden assumption here, and that is the assumption that all else being equal. A change that lowers the quality of the good while at the same time lowers the cost of production does not increase economic efficiency. The concept of economic efficiency is only relevant when the quality of goods being produced is unchanged.

Financial Education An Organization For The World Of...

The term financial education is consented to be general and clearly recognized. In an effort to develop sound financial decision making amongst consumers, under which financial literature from current ongoing financial education programs is analyzed, education is the main delivery route. Under several databases, this research narrowed itself when used the terms financial education, financial education research and community impact; the National Institute of Health darted this National Bureau of Economic Research report. The National Institute of Health, (NIH), via its database public access is one of the leading medical research entities in the world, an agency of the U.S. Department of Health, a trusted and stablished research source, along with the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), an organization dedicated to the world of economics and finance. The NBER’s purpose and mission is to promote better understanding of how the economy works. Reference Hastings, J. S., Madrian, B. C., Skimmyhorn, W. L. (2013). FINANCIAL LITERACY, FINANCIAL EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC OUTCOMES. - PubMed - NCBI. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23991248 2. Poor financial decision making and weak consumer protections in consumer financial markets provided the motivation for this particular research. The Dodd Frank Act signed into federal law by President Barrack Obama on July 21, 2010, due to the most recent economic crisis, mandates the Consumer FinancialShow MoreRelatedJap Japan Country Analysis Essay898 Words   |  4 Pagesother meaningful strategies to support their financial outlooks accordingly. Moffett, Stonehill Eiteman (2015) insist that diversifying cash flows in the international market that help MNEs reduce Forex exchange risk and mitigate cost of debt to strengthen its financial capability. Regarding Coca-Cola of Japan, a subsidiary of its parent which is Coca-Cola corporation that resides its headquarter in Atlanta, Georgia. 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